The only major difference was the fact that curses were enacted in secret whereas a defense against sorcery was conducted in the open, in front of an audience if possible. ![]() Black magic as a category didn't exist in ancient Mesopotamia, and a person legitimately using magic to defend themselves against illegitimate magic would use exactly the same techniques. The ancient Mesopotamians also used magic intending to protect themselves from evil sorcerers who might place curses on them. If that failed, they also sometimes took a figurine of the deceased and buried it in the ground, demanding for the gods to eradicate the spirit, or force it to leave the person alone. To defend themselves against the spirits of those they had wronged, they would leave offerings known as kispu in the person's tomb in hope of appeasing them. The ancient Mesopotamians believed that magic was the only viable defense against demons, ghosts, and evil sorcerers. Defensive or legitimate magic in Mesopotamia ( asiputu or masmassutu in the Akkadian language) were incantations and ritual practices intended to alter specific realities. ![]() Magic was invoked in many kinds of rituals and medical formulae, and to counteract evil omens. ![]() See also: Mesopotamian divination, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Maqlû, and Zisurrû Bronze protection plaque from the Neo-Assyrian era showing the demon Lamashtu
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